89 Plastic Surgery Innovations

Whether you like it or not, plastic surgery is one of the hallmarks of Western culture. Botox, boob jobs and tummy tucks turn middle-aged women into twentysomethings again, effectively leveling out the beauty playing field for the right price.

Whatever its benefits, plastic surgery is a dangerous proposition. Rapper Kanye West’s mother passed away late last year during a plastic surgery procedure, and countless other patients have suffered debilitating injuries and worse.

Despite these risks, plastic surgery’s popularity has continued unabated—even crossing over into body modification culture, the proportions of storefront mannequins and the tourism industry. Click through the cluster to see these innovations and more.